五个基本句型:
依据动词的特质,构成英语中五个基本句型:
1) 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
2) 主语 + 不及物动词 (+ 其他成分)
3) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
4) 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语
5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
大家在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每一个句型中的出题点在哪儿。
(一)第一句型:主语 + 系动词 + 表语
1) 系动词一般为be 动词。
注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作半系动词用,按行为动词方法变化,起系动词有哪些用途。
试验比较:
He felt the pockets thoroughly1 but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但没找到一分钱。 feel为行为动词)
You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你脸色苍白,感到不舒服? look / feel为系动词)
通常来讲,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
实例:
Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first. Oh, it ______ normal. (脉搏正常)
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没被动语态,故A不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不需要进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中尤为重要的一个句型: there是引导词,不讲解 那里; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房间里家具不够)
错:There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox2 has been wiped out in China.(毫无疑问,中国已消灭天花。)
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that 人工智能DS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分证据表明,爱滋病正在亚洲飞速蔓延。 同位语从句)
错:It is evidence that 人工智能DS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以: It is evident that 人工智能DS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主语从句)
(二)第二句型:主语 + 不及物动词 (+ 其他成分)
在这个句型中主应该注意及物动词与不及物动词的区别:
不及物动词 及物动词
rise /rose / risen(升起) raise /raised / raised (提升)
arise / arose / arisen (from)(产生) arouse / aroused / aroused(唤起)
lie / lay / lain(躺下) lay / laid / laid(放手)
arrive at(到达) reach(到达)
wait for(等待) await(等待)
remain(仍旧) maintain(维持,修理)
*上面所注仅为典型词义,要依据句子辨别其他意思。
除此之外,该句型常使用倒装形式,注意分辨,主如果以下两种状况:
1) 用here 或 there引导:Here comes the bus. (汽车来了。) / There rings the bell. (铃响了。)
2) 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中,总是将介词短语提前:On the TOP of the hill stands a pretty little house.(山顶上有一座好看的小房屋。)
(三)第三句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
大家了解,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.(学门外语并困难。)
To learn a foreign language is not easy. (= It is not easy to learn a foreign language.)
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方法都可以。
但,当动词处于宾语地方时,就不可以如此随性了,由于英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate3 / defer4 / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade5 / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep (on) / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语需要用-ing 形式,重点和第一要学会黑体字部分。因为这类次的词义与解题关系不大,没给出具体词义讲解。如需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏锐,比如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected6
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中; 2)affect意为影响,及物动词,故B不对。[假如做题时间来不及,此类题目若有主动语态和被动语态之分,一般选被动语态的正确率高些。]
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不同:to do表示说话时还没发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:我昨天外出时忘了关窗了。显然是指外出时还没做的事,因此用to do形式;我不记得以前见过你。显然是指说话以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I don't remember seeing you before.
因此,除去了解这个规定外,分清发生过还是没发生是解题的重点。
实例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定发生过还是没发生,即A、D还是B、C,你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的状况吗?显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)introduce(介绍)后没宾语,说明是被动语态:,故选C [再看一下上一节中的 解题思路]
3)need / want / require等讲解为需要时,有两种表达方法,如:
这间会客室需要打扫一下
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned. (to 被动式)
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.(-ing主动式)
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 to 是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing